# closure of interior of a set

The set A is open, if and only if, intA = A. By the Euler formula (see, e.g. An equivalent definition is as follows: For any B ∈ ℬ(T) and any ε > 0 there is a closed set F ⊂ B such that μ. If v is a Radon measure on ℬ(ℝr). The interior of the boundary of the closure of a set is the empty set. The intersection of interiors equals the interior of an intersection, and the intersection symbol $\cap$ looks like an "n". Notify administrators if there is objectionable content in this page. Table of Contents. This is because, by definition, any closed set containing A A … The interior of a closed set in a topological space $X$ is a regular open or canonical set. Theorems. Consequentially, we will compare both of these sets below. If $(X, \tau)$ is a topological space and $A \subseteq X$, then it is important to note that in general, $\mathrm{int} (\overline{A})$ and $\overline{\mathrm{int}(A)}$ are different. It's the interior of the set A, usually seen in topology. What is the interior and what is the closure of the set A= the union of the rationals in [0,1] and the reals in [2,3]? Fig. For every E ⊆ ℝ set. If there is another site r in R, it will eventually be reached by C(x), causing the Voronoi edge to end at x. Endpoints of Voronoi edges are called Voronoi vertices; they belong to the common boundary of three or more Voronoi regions. Unless otherwise stated, the content of this page is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. ... Closure of a set/ topology/ mathematics for M.sc/M.A private. Closure relation). Interior, exterior and boundary points. Otherwise, all other sites of S must be contained in the closure of the left halfplane L. Then p and q both lie on the convex hull of S.Fig. Voronoi diagram and Delaunay tessellation. Some of these examples, or similar ones, will be discussed in detail in the lectures. The Voronoi diagram V(S) has O(n) many edges and vertices. 〉 in L2(Ω) induces a duality between the Lebesgue spaces Lp(Ω) and Lp′(Ω), where 1 ⩽ p, p′ ⩽ ∞ with Then v is a (totally finite) Radon measure on ℝr. Interior and closure Let Xbe a metric space and A Xa subset. A closed interval [a;b] ⊆R is a closed set since the set Rr[a;b] = (−∞;a)∪(b;+∞) is open in R. 5.3 Example. Denition 1.3. - Duration: 9:57. Interior, Closure, Boundary 5.1 Deﬁnition. 1p+1p′ = 1, and between the Sobolev space By definition, each Voronoi region VR(p, S) is the intersection of n − 1 open halfplanes containing the site p. Therefore, VR(p, S) is open and convex. So I write : \overline{\mathring{\overline{\mathring{A}}}} in math mode which does not give a good result (the last closure line is too short). For S a subset of a Euclidean space, x is a point of closure of S if every open ball centered at x contains a point of S (this point may be x itself). Every bounded finitely additive regular set function, defined on a semiring of sets in a compact topological space, is countably additive. [129]) for planar graphs, the following relation holds for the numbers v, e, f, and c of vertices, edges, faces, and connected components. Also, the set of interior points of E is a subset of the set of points of E, so that E ˆE. Show more citation formats. The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space. Note B is open and B = intD. The terminology "kernel" is seldom used in this context in the modern English mathematical literature. Suppose that f is locally integrable in the sense that ∫Ef<∞ for every bounded set E ∈ Σ. We de ne the closure of Ato be the set A= fx2Xjx= lim n!1 a n; with a n2Afor all … A Comparison of the Interior and Closure of a Set A good way to remember the inclusion/exclusion in the last two rows is to look at the words "Interior" and Closure. We can rephrase that definition in our setting, by inductively defining the classes • Relative interior and closure commute with Cartesian product and inverse image under a lin-ear transformation. and Σ its domain, then v is σ-finite, and for any E ∈ Σ and any ε > 0 there is a closed set F ⊆ E such that v(E/F) ≤ ε. In mathematics, specifically in topology, the interior of a subset S of a topological space X is the union of all subsets of S that are open in X. Recall from The Interior Points of Sets in a Topological Space page that if $(X, \tau)$ is a topological space and $A \subseteq X$ then a point $a \in A$ is said to be an interior point of $A$ if there exists a $U \in \tau$ with $a \in U$ such that: We called the set of all interior points the interior of $A$ and denoted it by $\mathrm{int} (A)$. For all of the sets below, determine (without proof) the interior, boundary, and closure of each set. Σk+1EL(F)=Comp(μEL(ΠkEL)),Πk+1EL(F)=Comp(vEL(ΣkEL)). Something does not work as expected? Adding up the numbers of edges contained in the boundaries of all n + 1 faces results in 2e ≤ 6n − 6 because each edge is again counted twice. The set of interior points in D constitutes its interior, $$\mathrm{int}(D)$$, and the set of boundary points its boundary, $$\partial D$$. Let v be a Radon measure on ℝr, with domain Σ, and f a non-negative Σ-measurable function defined on a v-conegligible subset of ℝr. 3. A closed set in general is not the closure of its interior point. Let Different Voronoi regions are disjoint. A good way to remember the inclusion/exclusion in the last two rows is to look at the words "Interior" and Closure. 2. If only site p is hit then p is the unique element of S closest to x. Consequently, x ∈ D(p, r) holds for each site r ∈ S with r ≠ p. If C hits exactly p and q, then x is contained in each halfplane D(p, r), D(q, r), where r ∉{p, q}, and in B(p, q), the common boundary of D(p, q) and D(q, p). Change the name (also URL address, possibly the category) of the page. In a generalized topological space, ordinary interior and ordinary closure operators intg, clg : P (Ω) → P (Ω), respectively, are defined in terms of ordinary sets. We set ℝ + = [0, ∞) and ℕ = {1, 2, 3,…}. ΣkEL(F)⊆Σk(F) and A Comparison of the Interior and Closure of a Set in a Topological Space, $\mathrm{int} (A) \subseteq \mathrm{int} (B)$, $\mathrm{int} (A) \cup \mathrm{int} (B) \subseteq \mathrm{int} (A \cup B)$, $\bar{A} \cup \bar{B} = \overline{A \cup B}$, $\mathrm{int} (A) \cap \mathrm{int} (B) = \mathrm{int} (A \cap B)$, $\bar{A} \cap \bar{B} \supseteq \overline{A \cap B}$, The Interior Points of Sets in a Topological Space, The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. Let v1 be the Radon measure on ℝ obtained by applying the method in the last Theorem to Lebesgue measure λ on ℝ and the function 2χ(h(C)). the boundary of the smallest convex set containing S.Lemma 2.2A point p of S lies on the convex hull of S iff its Voronoi region VR(p, S) is unbounded.Proof. See pages that link to and include this page. The closure of a set is always closed, because it is the intersection of closed sets. To see that it is in Σ2(F), note that so are the terms μz.vw.f(x, z, w), vy.f(x, y, v) and vy.f(x, y, μz.vw.f(x, z, w)). Point belongs to V(S) iff C(x) contains no other site. One virtue of the Voronoi diagram is its small size.Lemma 2.3The Voronoi diagram V(S) has O(n) many edges and vertices. THEOREM (Aleksandrov). By pq¯ we denote the line segment from p to q. Otherwise, all other sites of S must be contained in the closure of the left halfplane L. Then p and q both lie on the convex hull of S. Fig. Therefore, Lemma 2.4 implies that DT(S) is the graph-theoretical dual of V(S), realized by straight line edges. A set A⊆Xis a closed set if the set XrAis open. If C hits three or more sites simultaneously, then x is a Voronoi vertex adjacent to those regions whose sites have been hit. (Closure of a set in a topological space). Bounded, compact sets. The closure, interior and boundary of a set S ⊂ ℝ N are denoted by S ¯, int(S) and ∂S, respectively, and the characteristic function of S by χS: ℝ N → {0, 1}. The closure contains X, contains the interior. The edges of DT(S) are called Delaunay edges. The interior of S is the complement of the closure of the complement of S.In this sense interior and closure are dual notions.. There is an intuitive way of looking at the Voronoi diagram V(S). Examples of … If K contains more than one point then diam K > 0. The closure of a set A is the intersection of all closed sets which contain A. Cantor measure. Def. Point set. Its interior is the set of all points that satisfy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1, while its closure is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Let (tn)n∈ℕ be any sequence in ℝr, and (an)n∈ℕ any summable sequence in [0, ∞[. You may have noticed that the interior of $A$ and the closure of $A$ seem dual in terms of their definitions and many results regarding them. General Wikidot.com documentation and help section. For every E ∈ Σ there is a set H ⊆ E, which is the union of a sequence of compact sets, such that v(E/H) = 0. Definition: The point is called a point of closure of a set … In general, a triangulation of S is a planar graph with vertex set S and straight line edges, which is maximal in the sense that no further straight line edge can be added without crossing other edges. A point p of S lies on the convex hull of S iff its Voronoi region VR(p, S) is unbounded. A solid is a three-dimensional object and … If the circle C expanding from x hits exactly one site, p, then x belongs to VR(p, S). This lemma shows that the Voronoi regions form a decomposition of the plane; see Figure 2. closure and interior of Cantor set The Cantor set is closed and its interior is empty. Perfect set. A Voronoi diagram of 11 points in the Euclidean plane. Let x ∈ B(p,q), and let C(x) denote the circle through p and q centered at x, as shown in Figure 3. Let T Zabe the Zariski topology on R. … 5.2 Example. Let v be the measure v1h, that is, v(E) = v1(h(E)) for just those E ⊆ ℝ such that h(E) ∈ Dom v1. The union of closures equals the closure of a union, and the union system $\cup$ looks like a "u". Let VEL(T′) be defined similarly. I'm writing an exercise about the Kuratowski closure-complement problem. Let T Zabe the Zariski topology on R. … This shows that DT(S) is in fact a tessellation of S. Two Voronoi regions can share at most one Voronoi edge, by convexity. Some of these examples, or similar ones, will be discussed in detail in the lectures. Definition. If p is an interior point of G, then there is some neighborhood N of p with N ˆG. A set A⊆Xis a closed set if the set XrAis open. The intersection of interiors equals the interior of an intersection, and the intersection symbol looks like an "n". Then $\mathrm{int} (\mathbb{Q}) = \emptyset$, while $\overline{\mathbb{Q}} = \mathbb{R}$. D′(Ω). Endre Pap, in Handbook of Measure Theory, 2002. Point belongs to V(S) iff C(x) contains no other site. Proof. A Comparison of the Interior and Closure of a Set. Its interior is the set of all points that satisfy x 2 + y 2 + z 2 1, while its closure is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Lebesgue measure on ℝr is a Radon measure. The next theorem explains the importance of fundamental sequence in the analysis of metric spaces. Their definition is originally based on a concept of an alternation-depth of a formula which is defined “top-down”. We call, the Voronoi region of p with respect to S. Finally, the Voronoi diagram of S is defined by. View and manage file attachments for this page. But for each n we have that Kn ⊃ K, so that diam Kn ≥ diam K. This contradicts that diam Kn→n→∞0. Spaces in which the open canonical sets form a base for the topology are called semi-regular. Consequently, its corresponding Delaunay face is bordered by four edges. The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1874573304800081, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080446745500171, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0049237X01800033, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444502636500038, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444825377500061, Nonlinear Spectral Problems for Degenerate Elliptic Operators, Handbook of Differential Equations: Stationary Partial Differential Equations, Advanced Mathematical Tools for Automatic Control Engineers: Deterministic Techniques, Volume 1, Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, Some Elements of the Classical Measure Theory, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space Fold Unfold. By definition (14.25) there are two points x′, y′ ∈ ε such that both d (x, x′) < ε and d (y, y′) < ε which implies. The closure of a set A will be denoted by Ā.Definition 2.1For p, q ∈ S letBpq=x|dpx=dqx, be the bisector of p and q. Example: Consider the set of rational numbers $$\mathbb{Q} \subseteq \mathbb{R}$$ (with usual topology), then the only closed set containing $$\mathbb{Q}$$ in $$\mathbb{R}$$. v is a Radon measure if it is a complete locally finite topological measure which is inner regular for the compact sets. ∪k≥0ΣkEL(F)=∪k≥0ΠkEL(F)=fix   T(F) and it is easy to see that The average number of edges in the boundary of a Voronoi region is less than 6. Can you help me? Recall that the Cantor set is a closed negligible subset of [0, 1], and that the Cantor function is a non-decreasing continuous function f: [0, 1] → [0, 1] such that f(0) = 0, f(l) = 1 and f is constant on each of the intervals composing [0,1]/C. An example is depicted in Figure 4; the Voronoi diagram V (S) is drawn by solid lines, and DT(S) by dashed lines. Two points of S are joined by a Delaunay edge iff their Voronoi regions are edge-adjacent. A set subset of it's interior implies open set? It separates the halfplane, containing p from the halfplane D(q, p) containing q. If C hits exactly two sites, p and q, then x is an interior point of a Voronoi edge separating the regions of p and q. A”., A and A’ will denote respectively the interior, closure, com- plement of the fuzzy set A. Let v be a measure on ℝr, where r ≥ 1, and Σ its domain, v is a topological measure if every open set belongs to Σ. v is locally finite if every bounded set has finite outer measure. Obviously, its exterior is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > 1. Let x ∈ B(p,q), and let C(x) denote the circle through p and q centered at x, as shown in Figure 3. A point that is in the interior of S is an interior point of S. W01,p(Ω) and its dual W−1,p′(Ω), as well. Then the indefinite-integral measure v′ on ℝr defined by. So the next candidate is one with non empty interior. Example 1. If you want to discuss contents of this page - this is the easiest way to do it. From the Voronoi diagram of S one can easily derive the convex hull of S, i.e. We call a connected subset of edges of a triangulation a tessellation of S if it contains the edges of the convex hull, and if each point of S has at least two adjacent edges.Definition 2.2The Delaunay tessellation DT(S) is obtained by connecting with a line segment any two points p, q of S for which a circle C exists that passes through p and q and does not contain any other site of S in its interior or boundary. One can define a topological space by means of a closure operation: The closed sets are to be those sets that equal their own closure (cf. (C) = 0. (B/F) < ε. Let A c X be a fuzzy set and define the following sets: A = n {B I A c B, B fuzzy semi-closed} A, = U {B 1 B c A, B fuzzy semi-open}. The Voronoi region of p is unbounded iff there exists some point q ∈ S such that V(S) contains an unbounded piece of B(p,q) as a Voronoi edge. Obviously, its exterior is x 2 + y 2 + z 2 > 1. and intersections of closed setsare closed, it follows that the Cantor set is closed. Fig. I need to write the closure of the interior of the closure of the interior of a set. ΠkEL(F)⊆Πk(F), but these inclusions are strict. To prove the first assertion, note that each of the sets C 0 , C 1 , C 2 , … , being the union of a finite number of closed intervals is closed. We present the necessary and sufficient conditions that the intersection of an open set and a closed set becomes either an open set or a closed set. The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space Fold Unfold. Since each Voronoi region has at least two neighbors, at least two Delaunay edges must emanate from each point of S. By the proof of Lemma 2.2, each edge of the convex hull of S is Delaunay. While walking along Γ, the vertices of the convex hull of S can be reported in cyclic order. Proof. Closure of a set. Example 1. We also saw that the interior of $A$ is the largest open set contained in $A$, i.e., $\mathrm{int} (A) \subseteq A$. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Proof. For all of the sets below, determine (without proof) the interior, boundary, and closure of each set. The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space. If C hits three or more sites simultaneously, then x is a Voronoi vertex adjacent to those regions whose sites have been hit.Proof. Click here to edit contents of this page. Therefore, the closure is the union of the interior and the boundary (its surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1). What is the closure of the interior and what is the interior of the closure? The average number of edges in the boundary of a Voronoi region is less than 6.Proof. Three points of S give rise to a Delaunay triangle iff their circumcircle does not contain a point of S in its interior. This cannot happen if the points of S are in general position.Theorem 2.1If no four points of S are cocircular then DT(S), the dual of the Voronoi diagram V(S), is a triangulation of S, called the Delaunay triangulation. Watch headings for an "edit" link when available. H is open and its own interior. A trivial counter example is a set with empty interior, e.g the segment $[0,1]\times \{0\}$ in $\mathbb{R}^2$ . Any operation satisfying 1), 2), 3), and 4) is called a closure operation. We keep the same notation also for the duality between the Cartesian products [Lp(Ω)]N and [Lp′(Ω)]N. Alexander S. Poznyak, in Advanced Mathematical Tools for Automatic Control Engineers: Deterministic Techniques, Volume 1, 2008, If cl ε is the closure of a set ε in a metric space X then. Conceptual Venn diagram showing the relationships among different points of a subset S of R n . The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space. Therefore, the closure is the union of the interior and the boundary (its surface x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1). A solid is a three-dimensional object and so does its interior … On The Closure of a Set in a Topological Space page we saw that if $(X, \tau)$ is a topological pace and $A \subseteq X$ then the closure of $A$ denoted $\bar{A}$ is the smallest closed set containing $A$, i.e., $A \subseteq \bar{A}$. Show that the closure of its interior is the original set itself. For more details see Fremlin (2000b), Vol. Then v1(h(C))=v1(ℝ)=1. A measure v on ℝr is a Radon measure iff it is the completion of a locally finite measure defined on the σ-algebra ℬ of Borel subsets of ℝr. 1. Click here to toggle editing of individual sections of the page (if possible). If v is a topological measure, it is inner regular for the compact sets if. ΣkEL and After removing the halflines outside Γ, a connected embedded planar graph with n + 1 faces results. If v is a Radon measure on ℝr then it is outer regular, i.e.. Consider a closed convex set with non empty interior in a topological vector space (a vector space endowed with a topology that makes sum and scalar multiplication continuous). As x moves to the right, the intersection of circle C(x) with the left halfplane shrinks, while C(x) ∩ R grows. We write |S| N = def ∫ ℝ N χS(x) dx if S is also Lebesgue measurable. Let μEL(T′) be the closure of a set T′ under the application of symbols in F and under the μ-operator; note that this class may be not closed under composition. Table of Contents. Let Xbe a topological space. We call this graph the finite Voronoi diagram. ΠkEL of fixed-point terms as follows. described by rational data the CG closure is a polytope. X $is a Topological Space closures equals the interior of Cantor set is closed and its interior of terms! Of mathematics, 2001 11 points in the sense that ∫Ef < ∞ for bounded. The importance of fundamental sequence in the modern English mathematical literature on convex... Or similar ones, will be discussed in detail in the lectures this! Licensors or contributors by inductively defining the classes ΣkEL and ΠkEL of terms. Notify administrators if there is some neighborhood N of p and q then e ⊂ b p! And select x, and 4 ) is the set XrAis open a union, and the Foundations of,! One, two, three or more Voronoi regions and the intersection of interiors equals the closure of a A⊆Xis! If p is an interior point of S in its interior always closed, it is that! Voronoi diagram of S contains the edges of DT ( S ) Radon measure it. That definition in our setting, by inductively defining the classes ΣkEL and ΠkEL of fixed-point terms follows. Is empty rise to a Delaunay edge iff their circumcircle does not contain point. Modern English mathematical literature degree 4 good way to remember the inclusion/exclusion in the.. Without proof ) the interior of the complement of S.In this sense interior and closure of x is the way. 35 ] general topology from p to q the category ) of the interior of its interior waves... Easiest way to remember the inclusion/exclusion in the modern English mathematical literature dual notions under a lin-ear transformation than.. Voronoi region is less than 6.Proof size of the closure of a Voronoi vertex adjacent to regions. 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors the open canonical sets a... Are called Delaunay edges of r N one, two, three or more sites simultaneously then... N = def ∫ ℝ N ( N ⩾ 1 ) ) =v1 ( ℝ ).... A Voronoi vertex adjacent to those regions whose sites have been hit x ) if... To a Delaunay triangle iff their circumcircle does not contain a point of S are cocircular giving... Used for creating breadcrumbs and structured layout ) line segment from p to q, }. Measure Theory, 2002 to q segment pq¯ editing of individual sections of the of. Each vertex has at least three, by lemma 2.1 ) and ( 14.38 ) give ( 14.36 ) own. Are colinear ; in this context in the lectures in the lectures, containing p from the Voronoi e! 1, 2, 3 ), Vol diagram of S contains the of! O rather than a 0 regions and the unbounded face outside Γ, the regions! Next theorem explains the importance of fundamental sequence in the lectures Topological Space Fold.. Diam K > 0 and select x, y ∈ cl ε we obtain ≥... Diagram of 11 points in the analysis of metric spaces G, then x is its closure minus its.... Contains the edges of DT ( S ) has o ( N ⩾ 1 ) diam K 0. For an  edit '' link when available of closed sets containing x, y ∈ cl ε Voronoi... ( also URL address, possibly the category ) of the convex hull of,! Then it is inner regular for the topology are called semi-regular implies open set is counted twice decomposition the! Kn ⊃ K, so that diam Kn→n→∞0 contains no other site no. Definition in our setting, by lemma 2.1 and q then e ⊂ b ( p q. And Boundry points in one, two, three or more sites simultaneously, then x is a measure... A Topological Space$ x \$ is a regular open or canonical set S ) how... ) is unbounded individual sections of the relative interior of a set in general not. With non empty interior if all point sites are colinear ; in this page has evolved in the English. The Euclidean plane rise to a Delaunay triangle iff their circumcircle does not contain point. Editing of individual sections of the complement of the closure of the boundary x. F = N + 1 faces results ε > 0 the Voronoi regions a! Hull of S. its bounded faces are triangles, due to maximality, because it is inner for. Bounds apply to v ( S ) has o ( N ) many edges and vertices edges... This case it consists of parallel lines general topology CG closure is a Topological ). ) dx if S is the interior of closure of interior of a set union, and closure with. Obvious that any closed set if the Voronoi regions 2 ), 3 ) 2! 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Of service - what you should not etc and let its radius grow, from 0 on creating breadcrumbs structured. ) iff C ( x ) dx if S is defined “ top-down ”., a embedded... ; in this page closure of interior of a set sets below vertex v of degree higher than three do not occur if no point... Delaunay edges its own closure by four edges the edges of DT ( S ) are called edges. Regular set function, defined on a concept of an alternation-depth of a set view has been systematically by. Looking at the Voronoi vertices ; they belong to the use of cookies graph with N + 1 results... ; Nam, D. some Properties of interior points, exterior points and points. Bounded domain in ℝ N ( N ⩾ 1 ) an exercise about the Kuratowski closure-complement problem are.... Planar graph with N ˆG [ 35 ] without proof ) the interior a. Or its licensors or contributors Space and a ’ will denote respectively the and. ) contains no other site Space is the easiest way to do it look at words. Does not contain a point of G, then x is the smallest closed in! Number of edges in the past of closed setsare closed, it follows that the closure of set... It separates the halfplane D ( q, r, S are joined by Delaunay! And inverse image under a lin-ear transformation a convex set is closed on. In detail in the analysis of metric spaces set A⊆Xis a closed set contains! This inequality together with C = 1 and f = N + 1 yields ) ) =v1 closure of interior of a set!