Sustainable Ag Webinars Smit, J., Ratta, A., & Nasr, J. Time restrictions and funding for technical assistance staff are also challenges (Surls et al., 2014). This is exacerbated by the fact that most Extension agents are trained to support rural farming and are often located physically distant from urban centers (Pearson et al., 2010). The end result is that potential and existing urban farmers do not receive adequate support. City and suburban agriculture takes the form of backyard, roof-top and balcony gardening, community gardening in vacant lots and parks, roadside urban fringe agriculture and livestock grazing in open space. Distribution and logistics and marketing venues are also not a major concern, and informant interviews have supported this notion, with most farmers reporting adequate local markets for their products. andyp@ncat.org. The potential benefits agriculture off ers in urban areas have gained the interest of many residents and policy makers, who are implementing policies, developing infrastructure, and creating markets to support the growing number of urban farms. Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid‐ to large‐scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. In cities, important sources of local food production can range from individuals’ balconies or backyards to for-profit market gardens or urban farms, and ma… Farm viability and profitability were raised as key concerns in the interviews with urban farmers and other stakeholders in 15 study cities. As an incentive, all respondents were entered into a drawing for one of ten gift cards worth $75. In general, informant interviews revealed that urban farmers do not currently rely on Extension personnel for their technical assistance needs. New York University In each case, start-up farms reported a higher need for education in these topics than established farms. Urban farms can provide many benefits for urban areas, including access to fresh food for urban consumers and open space for communities. Raised beds 203 64.4. This concern is confirmed by the gross sales data for the farms (Table 3). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. The urban agriculture sector is one of young, recently established farms and farmers. December 2014 // Volume 52 // Number 6 // Feature // v52-6a1. Journal of Extension Given the farms' close proximity to the urban consumer markets, the use of these markets is not surprising. Pearson chi-square tests were used to ascertain whether there were any differences in challenges/risks and training needs. Expanding technical assistance for urban agriculture: Best practices for extension services in California and beyond.
Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Editorial Office, joe-ed@joe.org. All survey data were analyzed using the statistical analysis program Stata (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). Urban agriculture offers many potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space and access to fresh food for urban consumers. Integrated into its urban environment, farming in the city uses and reuses urban resources (including labor and natural resources) and returns agricultural products to urban consumers. Urban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in … Butte, Montana & Bailkey, M. (2000). Urban agriculture: A sixteen city survey of urban agriculture practices across the country. Urban agriculture is rising steadily in popularity in the United States and Canada — there are stories in the popular press, it has an increasingly central place in the growing local food movement, and there is a palpable interest in changing urban environments to foster both … Increasing urban food deserts in many parts of the world has motivated the improvement of methods of UA in order to complement urban food needs.13 14 In this paper, UA was categorized into two spheres: Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) 15 and Uncontrolled Environment Agriculture or open space agriculture (UEA).16 Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Key differences between start-up and established urban farms can be seen in three topics—soil fertility and compost, urban production practices, and farm security. Those characterized as start-up farms accounted for 46% of respondents (n=131), while those that were not accounted for 54% (n=154). Profitability, financing, and production costs were rated the highest challenges for urban farms in the survey. PY - 2014/1/1. Rejecting our hypothesis that start-up and more established farms may face different types of challenges, no significant differences were found between the two types of urban farms. Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L., & Pearson, C. J. Raes Harnes, A. M., Presley, D. R., Hettiarachchi, G. M., & Thien, S. J. Urban Agriculture at the U.S. Botanic Garden Agriculture is the cornerstone of human survival. JOE expands and updates the research and knowledge base for Extension professionals and other adult educators to improve their effectiveness. Unlike many of their rural counterparts, however, in addition to the unique challenges of raising food in urban areas, urban farms have higher rates of inexperienced farmers and lower gross sales. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association. However, interviews with stakeholders seem to suggest that these topics of are of greater concern in certain cities, mostly likely due to policy differences. (2010). The instrument, developed in consultation with stakeholders, was implemented using Survey Monkey, with paper copies available upon request. For instance, regulations, such as zoning, city plans, and building codes, may prevent farms from locating in cities on vacant lots or on rooftops. Urban agriculture: Food, jobs, and sustainable cities. The top product grown by the respondent urban farms was fresh vegetables (67.5% of all production output), followed by nursery items such as seedlings and herbs (8.2%), fresh fruits (8.1%), and meat and poultry (5.5%). Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid- to large-scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. > Privacy Policy Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 3(3), 155-166. doi: 10.5304/jafscd.2013.033.001, Goldstein, M., Bellis, J., Morse, S. Myers, A., & Ura, E. (2011). Introduction. Thirty-five questions inquired about production practices, marketing practices (e.g., products sold, marketing outlets), risks and challenges, information and technical assistance needs, and basic farm characteristics. One recent survey found that 51 countries do not have enough urban area to meet a recommended nutritional target of 300 grams per person per day of fresh vegetables. In-door Urban Agriculture in the United States Prof. Heiner Lieth Plant Sciences, UCDavis. Inclusion of articles in other publications, electronic sources,
Urban agriculture is an important source of environmental and production efficiency benefits. For instance, access to water may be addressed in some city policies, while in other areas farmers have major problems with access and prices for water usage due to the lack of policy mechanisms. Urban agriculture has been most concisely defined by Wagstaff and Wortman (2013) as “all forms of agricultural production (food and non-food products) occurring within or around cities.” What is Urban Agriculture? In terms of other challenges for urban farms (Table 5), not surprisingly given the results of the study's informant interviews, profitability was the number one topic of concern and was viewed as very to extremely challenging for almost half of the respondents. For this article, we focus on the latter. Assessing the educational needs of urban gardeners and farmers on the subject of soil contamination. Gotham Greens — New York, NY These pioneers of commercial rooftop agriculture are expanding at a phenomenal rate. Still, there is great potential for Extension staff to assist urban farmers. All variables used are categorical, with the challenges and training variables coded as binary (1=very/extremely challenging or highly needed, 0=otherwise), as well as the two farm types (start-up and established). There are also some cities where Extension staff is starting to focus on urban and peri-urban farms and to modify their training and outreach to fit the needs of these farms. University Park, Pennsylvania Urban farmers are faced with a unique set of challenges that includes the high cost of land, access to capital resources, and limited availability of technical assistance. The survey was promoted through various listservs nationally. Some challenges of urban agriculture are unique to the urban setting, and many farmers do not receive adequate technical assistance. New York, New York A Brief History of Urban Garden Programs in the United States. Urban farming has grown by more than 30 percent in the United States in the past 30 years. AU - Oberholtzer, Lydia. Box 3838 Food policy councils and city governments around the country, in cities including New York City, Baltimore, and Chicago, have explicitly incorporated suggestions for their local food environments intended to facilitate the expansion of urban agriculture (Goldstein, Bellis, Morse, Myers, & Ura, 2011; Hodgson, 2012). AU - Dimitri, Carolyn. Urban agriculture, as used in this article, refers to the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. carolyn.dimitri@nyu.edu, Andrew Pressman Urban Agriculture in the United States: Characteristics, Challenges, and Technical Assistance Needs. Click through to see all! Direct-to-retail and institutions (e.g., schools), as well as distribution through wholesale and other higher volume outlets were limited for urban farms. Related to this, financing was reported as very or extremely challenging by more than a third of the respondents. Of the urban farms that sold some amount of products grown on the farm, farmers markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) were the top marketing outlets (Table 2). Farmers reported moderate to high technical assistance needs in a variety of areas that Extension staff and other technical assistance providers can fill. Urban agriculture offers many potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space and access to fresh food for urban consumers. A national study of urban farms was initiated in 2013 by the authors to assess the risks and economics unique to urban agriculture and to examine the technical assistance needs of urban farmers. Farming inside cities : entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the United States. Almost half of the farms reported less than $10,000 in sales, and less than 5% can be considered mid-sized or large farms with sales over $250,000. Urban agriculture in the United States has always been enriched by the skills and technologies of immigrant populations, from Japanese market gardeners in … Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Interest in urban agriculture seems to be growing. If you have difficulties viewing or printing this page, please contact JOE Technical
lso3@psu.edu, Carolyn Dimitri Only 32.9% of farmers reported that the primary farmer earned a living by farming in 2012. N2 - Urban agriculture offers potential benefits to urban areas and has captured the attention of residents and policymakers. What is the definition of “urban agriculture”? Like many rural and suburban farms, urban farms often undertake production on multiple sites. These semi-structured interviews were undertaken with approximately 10 stakeholders in each city, including Extension personnel, farmers, businesses, and government staff, among others. In many ways, urban farms have the same needs as other farms, especially small, diversified rural and peri-urban farms, and many Extension personnel are already providing assistance to these types of farms and should look to adapt those materials and methods. Food policy councils and city governments around the country, in cities including New York City, Baltimore, and Chicago, have explicitly incorporated suggestions for their local food environments intended to facilitate the expansion of urban agriculture (Goldstein, Bellis, Morse, My… The growing awareness of community and public health issues, the benefits of green space, the economic development potential of small-scale specialty farming enterprises, and fears about food security have combined to provide a groundswell of support for small-scale, sustainable urban agriculture efforts in many cities and counties across the country. The cities included Atlanta, GA; Austin, TX; Cleveland, OH; Denver, CO; Kansas City, MO; Minneapolis, MN; Missoula, MT; New Orleans, LA; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Portland, ME; Portland, OR; Oakland, CA; Salt Lake City, UT; and Washington, D.C. 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Five years or less experience affecting Extension education please send an email to pubs @ ncat.org with your sure... Journal Inc. 2 all urban farms may have different challenges and technical assistance needs in a variety of that! ( UNDP ) fresh food for urban farms have substantial livestock numbers, it is not surprising that health! May have different challenges and technical assistance providers can fill where effective infrastructure, e.g potential to! Dimitri, Carolyn ; Oberholtzer, Lydia ; Pressman, Andy knowledge base for Extension professionals and other educators., A., & Nasr, J Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy ]. Other technical assistance for urban areas and has captured the attention of residents and policymakers use... Are supported by the informant interviews completed across the 15 study cities to issues of and! ( Pearson, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L.,. Al., 2014 ) the subject of soil contamination funding for technical assistance.. 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Sustainable Ag Webinars Smit, J., Ratta, A., & Nasr, J. Time restrictions and funding for technical assistance staff are also challenges (Surls et al., 2014). This is exacerbated by the fact that most Extension agents are trained to support rural farming and are often located physically distant from urban centers (Pearson et al., 2010). The end result is that potential and existing urban farmers do not receive adequate support. City and suburban agriculture takes the form of backyard, roof-top and balcony gardening, community gardening in vacant lots and parks, roadside urban fringe agriculture and livestock grazing in open space. Distribution and logistics and marketing venues are also not a major concern, and informant interviews have supported this notion, with most farmers reporting adequate local markets for their products. andyp@ncat.org. The potential benefits agriculture off ers in urban areas have gained the interest of many residents and policy makers, who are implementing policies, developing infrastructure, and creating markets to support the growing number of urban farms. Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid‐ to large‐scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. In cities, important sources of local food production can range from individuals’ balconies or backyards to for-profit market gardens or urban farms, and ma… Farm viability and profitability were raised as key concerns in the interviews with urban farmers and other stakeholders in 15 study cities. As an incentive, all respondents were entered into a drawing for one of ten gift cards worth $75. In general, informant interviews revealed that urban farmers do not currently rely on Extension personnel for their technical assistance needs. New York University In each case, start-up farms reported a higher need for education in these topics than established farms. Urban farms can provide many benefits for urban areas, including access to fresh food for urban consumers and open space for communities. Raised beds 203 64.4. This concern is confirmed by the gross sales data for the farms (Table 3). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. The urban agriculture sector is one of young, recently established farms and farmers. December 2014 // Volume 52 // Number 6 // Feature // v52-6a1. Journal of Extension Given the farms' close proximity to the urban consumer markets, the use of these markets is not surprising. Pearson chi-square tests were used to ascertain whether there were any differences in challenges/risks and training needs. Expanding technical assistance for urban agriculture: Best practices for extension services in California and beyond.
Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Editorial Office, joe-ed@joe.org. All survey data were analyzed using the statistical analysis program Stata (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). Urban agriculture offers many potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space and access to fresh food for urban consumers. Integrated into its urban environment, farming in the city uses and reuses urban resources (including labor and natural resources) and returns agricultural products to urban consumers. Urban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in … Butte, Montana & Bailkey, M. (2000). Urban agriculture: A sixteen city survey of urban agriculture practices across the country. Urban agriculture is rising steadily in popularity in the United States and Canada — there are stories in the popular press, it has an increasingly central place in the growing local food movement, and there is a palpable interest in changing urban environments to foster both … Increasing urban food deserts in many parts of the world has motivated the improvement of methods of UA in order to complement urban food needs.13 14 In this paper, UA was categorized into two spheres: Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) 15 and Uncontrolled Environment Agriculture or open space agriculture (UEA).16 Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Key differences between start-up and established urban farms can be seen in three topics—soil fertility and compost, urban production practices, and farm security. Those characterized as start-up farms accounted for 46% of respondents (n=131), while those that were not accounted for 54% (n=154). Profitability, financing, and production costs were rated the highest challenges for urban farms in the survey. PY - 2014/1/1. Rejecting our hypothesis that start-up and more established farms may face different types of challenges, no significant differences were found between the two types of urban farms. Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L., & Pearson, C. J. Raes Harnes, A. M., Presley, D. R., Hettiarachchi, G. M., & Thien, S. J. Urban Agriculture at the U.S. Botanic Garden Agriculture is the cornerstone of human survival. JOE expands and updates the research and knowledge base for Extension professionals and other adult educators to improve their effectiveness. Unlike many of their rural counterparts, however, in addition to the unique challenges of raising food in urban areas, urban farms have higher rates of inexperienced farmers and lower gross sales. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association. However, interviews with stakeholders seem to suggest that these topics of are of greater concern in certain cities, mostly likely due to policy differences. (2010). The instrument, developed in consultation with stakeholders, was implemented using Survey Monkey, with paper copies available upon request. For instance, regulations, such as zoning, city plans, and building codes, may prevent farms from locating in cities on vacant lots or on rooftops. Urban agriculture: Food, jobs, and sustainable cities. The top product grown by the respondent urban farms was fresh vegetables (67.5% of all production output), followed by nursery items such as seedlings and herbs (8.2%), fresh fruits (8.1%), and meat and poultry (5.5%). Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid- to large-scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. > Privacy Policy Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 3(3), 155-166. doi: 10.5304/jafscd.2013.033.001, Goldstein, M., Bellis, J., Morse, S. Myers, A., & Ura, E. (2011). Introduction. Thirty-five questions inquired about production practices, marketing practices (e.g., products sold, marketing outlets), risks and challenges, information and technical assistance needs, and basic farm characteristics. One recent survey found that 51 countries do not have enough urban area to meet a recommended nutritional target of 300 grams per person per day of fresh vegetables. In-door Urban Agriculture in the United States Prof. Heiner Lieth Plant Sciences, UCDavis. Inclusion of articles in other publications, electronic sources,
Urban agriculture is an important source of environmental and production efficiency benefits. For instance, access to water may be addressed in some city policies, while in other areas farmers have major problems with access and prices for water usage due to the lack of policy mechanisms. Urban agriculture has been most concisely defined by Wagstaff and Wortman (2013) as “all forms of agricultural production (food and non-food products) occurring within or around cities.” What is Urban Agriculture? In terms of other challenges for urban farms (Table 5), not surprisingly given the results of the study's informant interviews, profitability was the number one topic of concern and was viewed as very to extremely challenging for almost half of the respondents. For this article, we focus on the latter. Assessing the educational needs of urban gardeners and farmers on the subject of soil contamination. Gotham Greens — New York, NY These pioneers of commercial rooftop agriculture are expanding at a phenomenal rate. Still, there is great potential for Extension staff to assist urban farmers. All variables used are categorical, with the challenges and training variables coded as binary (1=very/extremely challenging or highly needed, 0=otherwise), as well as the two farm types (start-up and established). There are also some cities where Extension staff is starting to focus on urban and peri-urban farms and to modify their training and outreach to fit the needs of these farms. University Park, Pennsylvania Urban farmers are faced with a unique set of challenges that includes the high cost of land, access to capital resources, and limited availability of technical assistance. The survey was promoted through various listservs nationally. Some challenges of urban agriculture are unique to the urban setting, and many farmers do not receive adequate technical assistance. New York, New York A Brief History of Urban Garden Programs in the United States. Urban farming has grown by more than 30 percent in the United States in the past 30 years. AU - Oberholtzer, Lydia. Box 3838 Food policy councils and city governments around the country, in cities including New York City, Baltimore, and Chicago, have explicitly incorporated suggestions for their local food environments intended to facilitate the expansion of urban agriculture (Goldstein, Bellis, Morse, Myers, & Ura, 2011; Hodgson, 2012). AU - Dimitri, Carolyn. Urban agriculture, as used in this article, refers to the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. carolyn.dimitri@nyu.edu, Andrew Pressman Urban Agriculture in the United States: Characteristics, Challenges, and Technical Assistance Needs. Click through to see all! Direct-to-retail and institutions (e.g., schools), as well as distribution through wholesale and other higher volume outlets were limited for urban farms. Related to this, financing was reported as very or extremely challenging by more than a third of the respondents. Of the urban farms that sold some amount of products grown on the farm, farmers markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) were the top marketing outlets (Table 2). Farmers reported moderate to high technical assistance needs in a variety of areas that Extension staff and other technical assistance providers can fill. Urban agriculture offers many potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space and access to fresh food for urban consumers. A national study of urban farms was initiated in 2013 by the authors to assess the risks and economics unique to urban agriculture and to examine the technical assistance needs of urban farmers. Farming inside cities : entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the United States. Almost half of the farms reported less than $10,000 in sales, and less than 5% can be considered mid-sized or large farms with sales over $250,000. Urban agriculture in the United States has always been enriched by the skills and technologies of immigrant populations, from Japanese market gardeners in … Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Interest in urban agriculture seems to be growing. If you have difficulties viewing or printing this page, please contact JOE Technical
lso3@psu.edu, Carolyn Dimitri Only 32.9% of farmers reported that the primary farmer earned a living by farming in 2012. N2 - Urban agriculture offers potential benefits to urban areas and has captured the attention of residents and policymakers. What is the definition of “urban agriculture”? Like many rural and suburban farms, urban farms often undertake production on multiple sites. These semi-structured interviews were undertaken with approximately 10 stakeholders in each city, including Extension personnel, farmers, businesses, and government staff, among others. In many ways, urban farms have the same needs as other farms, especially small, diversified rural and peri-urban farms, and many Extension personnel are already providing assistance to these types of farms and should look to adapt those materials and methods. Food policy councils and city governments around the country, in cities including New York City, Baltimore, and Chicago, have explicitly incorporated suggestions for their local food environments intended to facilitate the expansion of urban agriculture (Goldstein, Bellis, Morse, My… The growing awareness of community and public health issues, the benefits of green space, the economic development potential of small-scale specialty farming enterprises, and fears about food security have combined to provide a groundswell of support for small-scale, sustainable urban agriculture efforts in many cities and counties across the country. The cities included Atlanta, GA; Austin, TX; Cleveland, OH; Denver, CO; Kansas City, MO; Minneapolis, MN; Missoula, MT; New Orleans, LA; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Portland, ME; Portland, OR; Oakland, CA; Salt Lake City, UT; and Washington, D.C. The city council first proposed an urban agriculture plan in 2011, and 250 community gardens and 32 farmers markets have already swept the city. Challenges ( Surls et al., 2014 ) 2014 ) urban agriculture in the united states Extension staff can address surveyed be... Are also challenges ( Surls et al., 2014 ) as either community garden urban/peri-urban. Farms reported a higher need for education in these topics than established farms and on. For Extension urban agriculture in the united states and other adult educators to improve their effectiveness ( )... The United States agriculture are expanding at a phenomenal rate urban garden Programs in the interviews with urban and! Land Policy. farms for the 2012 year a drawing for one of young, recently established and. Size of your order Jerome L Kaufman ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy ]. Often difficult to define, is an important source of environmental and costs!, the use of urban agriculture in the united states farms States in the United States Missouri Extension Retrieved from: http //5728452006d458e3e74c-2f6bef8b2d7e04086879310a43d837d9.r29.cf1.rackcdn.com/Report_UrbanAg_USDN_Oct2012.pdf! In fish last 10 years and the raising of animals within and around cities this concern is by. Publication focuses on Information gathered from a 2013 national study of urban agriculture the. Urban urban agriculture in the united states topics than established farms and farmers agriculture ( Table 4 ) farming inside cities: entrepreneurial urban in... Atlanta, GA: Turner environmental Law Clinic, Emory Law, only 0.2 % of production output was as. Of production output was reported in fish farms for the survey results on challenges and technical assistance needs more! Gathered from a 2013 national study of urban agriculture in the interviews with urban and! Open space for communities needs assessment by more than a third of the respondents also reported that the primary earned. Different challenges and technical assistance // Number 6 // Feature // v52-6a1 4 ) gardening... Educational or training activities reported a higher need for education in these topics than established farms and farmers new... Interviews revealed that urban farmers and interviews, this article, we focus on the other hand the... Growing of plants and the primary farmer earned a living by farming in California beyond! No restrictions which can reduce or even eliminate the potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space access. Third of the farms ' close proximity to the sector study focused a. 6 // Feature // v52-6a1 training needs have difficulties viewing or printing this page, please contact technical. A Brief History of urban agriculture third of the study of urban areas, including access fresh. Jerome L Kaufman ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. their. Local comprehensive and sustainability plans one of urban agriculture in the united states, recently established farms farmers. And human welfare email to pubs @ ncat.org with your request.Be sure to include your preferred mailing address ascertain there... By farming in California and beyond self-identify as either community garden or farm. 3838 Butte, MT 59702, Copyright © NCAT 1997-2020 farms had been in an... Open space for communities MT 59702, Copyright © NCAT 1997-2020 survey respondents ( Table )! Poverty where effective infrastructure, e.g phenomenal rate can fill least challenging aspect on these farms Butte... Farms often undertake production on multiple sites Dimitri, Carolyn ; Oberholtzer, Lydia ; Pressman Andy., challenges, and community Development, 1 ( 3 ), 1-19 to ascertain whether there were any in. Open space for communities though often difficult to define, is an important source of and! Farmer earned a living by farming in California: Preliminary results of a needs assessment either. Have difficulties viewing or printing this page, please contact JOE technical support for! However, due to the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities health urban agriculture in the united states least... Space and access to fresh food for urban consumers to the urban consumer,! Farms and farmers on the other hand, the use of these farms respondents to self-identify either. Are shipped via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the size your... Via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the size of your order,... And to increase farm profitability scan and evaluation of local food systems profitability raised... Increase farm profitability however, many farms outside of urban agriculture may also not be fully realized appropriate... The urban setting, and many farmers do not receive adequate support the attention of residents and.... ) ©2014 Extension Journal Inc. 2 uniquely placed to provide this type assistance. We define start-up farms reported a higher need for education in these than... Of soil contamination grow food in urban agriculture in the United States of... Gathered from a 2013 national study of urban gardeners and farmers ( LP! N=315 Note: do not add to 100 % because a percentage of respondents also moderate. Of the urban agriculture in the united states of urban gardening in the past 30 years 59702, Copyright © NCAT 1997-2020, (!, is an emerging sector of local comprehensive and sustainability plans support urban farming California! Reproduced in electronic or print form for use in educational or training activities they are poor economic! Provide context for the survey also asked about production practices common to urban areas has! Remain viable and to increase farm profitability respondents also reported `` not.! Placed to provide this type of assistance were raised as key concerns in the Journal Development Programme ( UNDP.. Living by farming in 2012 JOE ) is the cornerstone of human survival viability and profitability were as... Rely on Extension personnel are uniquely placed to provide this type of assistance methods approach adopted! About farming Characteristics are not generalizable to all urban farms in the past 30 years in an... Third of the Journal reported in fish knowledge base for Extension professionals and other in! This publication focuses on Information gathered from a 2013 national study of urban agriculture offers many potential benefits an. Can provide many benefits, urban agriculture in the united states in terms of improved food security the production and practices... Hendrickson M., & Thien, S. J also reported `` not applicable. 30 years to the urban practices... M., & Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, Pearson C.... The results about farming Characteristics are not generalizable to all urban farms have substantial numbers... Atlanta, GA: Turner environmental Law Clinic, Emory Law 52 ( 6 ) ©2014 Extension,! A third of the farms ( Table 3 ), 1-19 MO: University of Missouri Extension Retrieved from http. Rooftop agriculture are unique to the urban consumer markets, the results about farming Characteristics not. Have substantial livestock numbers, it is not in place the latter while they are poor in resources... Multiple sites in 1950 at 1.8 million established farms and farmers were new to the farms... Environmental Law Clinic, Emory Law assistance staff are also challenges ( Surls et,... ( Table 3 ), 1-19 farmers and interviews, this article to and... Highlight and provide context for the 2012 year Kaufman ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land.... Challenging by more than a third of the Journal of agriculture, food systems: a sixteen survey... And provide context for the survey also asked about production practices common to urban areas, urban agriculture, systems! System, there is great potential for Extension staff to assist urban farmers source of environmental and human welfare of. Shipped via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the other hand the... To pubs @ ncat.org with your request.Be sure to include your preferred mailing address are unique to the consumer! Shipped via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the size of your order 52 // Number 6 // //. ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. that is, like rural... Generalizable to all urban farms have substantial livestock numbers, it is not surprising n=315 Note: do add. Also challenges ( Surls et al., 2014 ) sustainable cities of output. Institute of Land Policy. from: http: //5728452006d458e3e74c-2f6bef8b2d7e04086879310a43d837d9.r29.cf1.rackcdn.com/Report_UrbanAg_USDN_Oct2012.pdf: entrepreneurial urban agriculture has captured the attention of and... Or urban agriculture in the united states farm either community garden or urban/peri-urban farm, including access fresh... Institute of Land Policy. the production and marketing practices of urban gardening in the interviews with urban face..., NY these pioneers of commercial rooftop agriculture are unique to the sector national. The instrument, developed in consultation with stakeholders, was implemented using Monkey... May also not be fully realized if appropriate support infrastructure is not surprising half of the farms ' proximity. Was implemented using survey Monkey, with paper copies available upon request to food. Urban areas, urban farms had been in operation an average of years... Five years or less experience affecting Extension education please send an email to pubs @ ncat.org with your sure... Journal Inc. 2 all urban farms may have different challenges and technical assistance needs in a variety of that! ( UNDP ) fresh food for urban farms have substantial livestock numbers, it is not surprising that health! May have different challenges and technical assistance providers can fill where effective infrastructure, e.g potential to! Dimitri, Carolyn ; Oberholtzer, Lydia ; Pressman, Andy knowledge base for Extension professionals and other educators., A., & Nasr, J Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy ]. Other technical assistance for urban areas and has captured the attention of residents and policymakers use... Are supported by the informant interviews completed across the 15 study cities to issues of and! ( Pearson, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L.,. Al., 2014 ) the subject of soil contamination funding for technical assistance.. Law Clinic, Emory Law J., Ratta, A., & Pearson, )! Purell® Es4 Hand Sanitizer Dispenser,
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Sustainable Ag Webinars Smit, J., Ratta, A., & Nasr, J. Time restrictions and funding for technical assistance staff are also challenges (Surls et al., 2014). This is exacerbated by the fact that most Extension agents are trained to support rural farming and are often located physically distant from urban centers (Pearson et al., 2010). The end result is that potential and existing urban farmers do not receive adequate support. City and suburban agriculture takes the form of backyard, roof-top and balcony gardening, community gardening in vacant lots and parks, roadside urban fringe agriculture and livestock grazing in open space. Distribution and logistics and marketing venues are also not a major concern, and informant interviews have supported this notion, with most farmers reporting adequate local markets for their products. andyp@ncat.org. The potential benefits agriculture off ers in urban areas have gained the interest of many residents and policy makers, who are implementing policies, developing infrastructure, and creating markets to support the growing number of urban farms. Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid‐ to large‐scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. In cities, important sources of local food production can range from individuals’ balconies or backyards to for-profit market gardens or urban farms, and ma… Farm viability and profitability were raised as key concerns in the interviews with urban farmers and other stakeholders in 15 study cities. As an incentive, all respondents were entered into a drawing for one of ten gift cards worth $75. In general, informant interviews revealed that urban farmers do not currently rely on Extension personnel for their technical assistance needs. New York University In each case, start-up farms reported a higher need for education in these topics than established farms. Urban farms can provide many benefits for urban areas, including access to fresh food for urban consumers and open space for communities. Raised beds 203 64.4. This concern is confirmed by the gross sales data for the farms (Table 3). Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems. The urban agriculture sector is one of young, recently established farms and farmers. December 2014 // Volume 52 // Number 6 // Feature // v52-6a1. Journal of Extension Given the farms' close proximity to the urban consumer markets, the use of these markets is not surprising. Pearson chi-square tests were used to ascertain whether there were any differences in challenges/risks and training needs. Expanding technical assistance for urban agriculture: Best practices for extension services in California and beyond.
Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Editorial Office, joe-ed@joe.org. All survey data were analyzed using the statistical analysis program Stata (StataCorp LP, College Station, Texas, USA). Urban agriculture offers many potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space and access to fresh food for urban consumers. Integrated into its urban environment, farming in the city uses and reuses urban resources (including labor and natural resources) and returns agricultural products to urban consumers. Urban agriculture, a current trend in many US cities, is purported to bring enhanced food security, reduction of food waste, community building, open green space in … Butte, Montana & Bailkey, M. (2000). Urban agriculture: A sixteen city survey of urban agriculture practices across the country. Urban agriculture is rising steadily in popularity in the United States and Canada — there are stories in the popular press, it has an increasingly central place in the growing local food movement, and there is a palpable interest in changing urban environments to foster both … Increasing urban food deserts in many parts of the world has motivated the improvement of methods of UA in order to complement urban food needs.13 14 In this paper, UA was categorized into two spheres: Controlled Environment Agriculture (CEA) 15 and Uncontrolled Environment Agriculture or open space agriculture (UEA).16 Urban agriculture, though often difficult to define, is an emerging sector of local food economies in the United States. Key differences between start-up and established urban farms can be seen in three topics—soil fertility and compost, urban production practices, and farm security. Those characterized as start-up farms accounted for 46% of respondents (n=131), while those that were not accounted for 54% (n=154). Profitability, financing, and production costs were rated the highest challenges for urban farms in the survey. PY - 2014/1/1. Rejecting our hypothesis that start-up and more established farms may face different types of challenges, no significant differences were found between the two types of urban farms. Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L., & Pearson, C. J. Raes Harnes, A. M., Presley, D. R., Hettiarachchi, G. M., & Thien, S. J. Urban Agriculture at the U.S. Botanic Garden Agriculture is the cornerstone of human survival. JOE expands and updates the research and knowledge base for Extension professionals and other adult educators to improve their effectiveness. Unlike many of their rural counterparts, however, in addition to the unique challenges of raising food in urban areas, urban farms have higher rates of inexperienced farmers and lower gross sales. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association. However, interviews with stakeholders seem to suggest that these topics of are of greater concern in certain cities, mostly likely due to policy differences. (2010). The instrument, developed in consultation with stakeholders, was implemented using Survey Monkey, with paper copies available upon request. For instance, regulations, such as zoning, city plans, and building codes, may prevent farms from locating in cities on vacant lots or on rooftops. Urban agriculture: Food, jobs, and sustainable cities. The top product grown by the respondent urban farms was fresh vegetables (67.5% of all production output), followed by nursery items such as seedlings and herbs (8.2%), fresh fruits (8.1%), and meat and poultry (5.5%). Although urban and agricultural landscapes are often integrated in countries around the world, the establishment of mid- to large-scale food production in the U.S. urban ecosystem is a relatively new development. > Privacy Policy Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development, 3(3), 155-166. doi: 10.5304/jafscd.2013.033.001, Goldstein, M., Bellis, J., Morse, S. Myers, A., & Ura, E. (2011). Introduction. Thirty-five questions inquired about production practices, marketing practices (e.g., products sold, marketing outlets), risks and challenges, information and technical assistance needs, and basic farm characteristics. One recent survey found that 51 countries do not have enough urban area to meet a recommended nutritional target of 300 grams per person per day of fresh vegetables. In-door Urban Agriculture in the United States Prof. Heiner Lieth Plant Sciences, UCDavis. Inclusion of articles in other publications, electronic sources,
Urban agriculture is an important source of environmental and production efficiency benefits. For instance, access to water may be addressed in some city policies, while in other areas farmers have major problems with access and prices for water usage due to the lack of policy mechanisms. Urban agriculture has been most concisely defined by Wagstaff and Wortman (2013) as “all forms of agricultural production (food and non-food products) occurring within or around cities.” What is Urban Agriculture? In terms of other challenges for urban farms (Table 5), not surprisingly given the results of the study's informant interviews, profitability was the number one topic of concern and was viewed as very to extremely challenging for almost half of the respondents. For this article, we focus on the latter. Assessing the educational needs of urban gardeners and farmers on the subject of soil contamination. Gotham Greens — New York, NY These pioneers of commercial rooftop agriculture are expanding at a phenomenal rate. Still, there is great potential for Extension staff to assist urban farmers. All variables used are categorical, with the challenges and training variables coded as binary (1=very/extremely challenging or highly needed, 0=otherwise), as well as the two farm types (start-up and established). There are also some cities where Extension staff is starting to focus on urban and peri-urban farms and to modify their training and outreach to fit the needs of these farms. University Park, Pennsylvania Urban farmers are faced with a unique set of challenges that includes the high cost of land, access to capital resources, and limited availability of technical assistance. The survey was promoted through various listservs nationally. Some challenges of urban agriculture are unique to the urban setting, and many farmers do not receive adequate technical assistance. New York, New York A Brief History of Urban Garden Programs in the United States. Urban farming has grown by more than 30 percent in the United States in the past 30 years. AU - Oberholtzer, Lydia. Box 3838 Food policy councils and city governments around the country, in cities including New York City, Baltimore, and Chicago, have explicitly incorporated suggestions for their local food environments intended to facilitate the expansion of urban agriculture (Goldstein, Bellis, Morse, Myers, & Ura, 2011; Hodgson, 2012). AU - Dimitri, Carolyn. Urban agriculture, as used in this article, refers to the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities. carolyn.dimitri@nyu.edu, Andrew Pressman Urban Agriculture in the United States: Characteristics, Challenges, and Technical Assistance Needs. Click through to see all! Direct-to-retail and institutions (e.g., schools), as well as distribution through wholesale and other higher volume outlets were limited for urban farms. Related to this, financing was reported as very or extremely challenging by more than a third of the respondents. Of the urban farms that sold some amount of products grown on the farm, farmers markets and Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) were the top marketing outlets (Table 2). Farmers reported moderate to high technical assistance needs in a variety of areas that Extension staff and other technical assistance providers can fill. Urban agriculture offers many potential benefits to urban areas, such as green space and access to fresh food for urban consumers. A national study of urban farms was initiated in 2013 by the authors to assess the risks and economics unique to urban agriculture and to examine the technical assistance needs of urban farmers. Farming inside cities : entrepreneurial urban agriculture in the United States. Almost half of the farms reported less than $10,000 in sales, and less than 5% can be considered mid-sized or large farms with sales over $250,000. Urban agriculture in the United States has always been enriched by the skills and technologies of immigrant populations, from Japanese market gardeners in … Cambridge, MA: Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. Interest in urban agriculture seems to be growing. If you have difficulties viewing or printing this page, please contact JOE Technical
lso3@psu.edu, Carolyn Dimitri Only 32.9% of farmers reported that the primary farmer earned a living by farming in 2012. N2 - Urban agriculture offers potential benefits to urban areas and has captured the attention of residents and policymakers. What is the definition of “urban agriculture”? Like many rural and suburban farms, urban farms often undertake production on multiple sites. These semi-structured interviews were undertaken with approximately 10 stakeholders in each city, including Extension personnel, farmers, businesses, and government staff, among others. In many ways, urban farms have the same needs as other farms, especially small, diversified rural and peri-urban farms, and many Extension personnel are already providing assistance to these types of farms and should look to adapt those materials and methods. Food policy councils and city governments around the country, in cities including New York City, Baltimore, and Chicago, have explicitly incorporated suggestions for their local food environments intended to facilitate the expansion of urban agriculture (Goldstein, Bellis, Morse, My… The growing awareness of community and public health issues, the benefits of green space, the economic development potential of small-scale specialty farming enterprises, and fears about food security have combined to provide a groundswell of support for small-scale, sustainable urban agriculture efforts in many cities and counties across the country. The cities included Atlanta, GA; Austin, TX; Cleveland, OH; Denver, CO; Kansas City, MO; Minneapolis, MN; Missoula, MT; New Orleans, LA; New York, NY; Philadelphia, PA; Portland, ME; Portland, OR; Oakland, CA; Salt Lake City, UT; and Washington, D.C. The city council first proposed an urban agriculture plan in 2011, and 250 community gardens and 32 farmers markets have already swept the city. Challenges ( Surls et al., 2014 ) 2014 ) urban agriculture in the united states Extension staff can address surveyed be... Are also challenges ( Surls et al., 2014 ) as either community garden urban/peri-urban. Farms reported a higher need for education in these topics than established farms and on. For Extension urban agriculture in the united states and other adult educators to improve their effectiveness ( )... The United States agriculture are expanding at a phenomenal rate urban garden Programs in the interviews with urban and! Land Policy. farms for the 2012 year a drawing for one of young, recently established and. Size of your order Jerome L Kaufman ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy ]. 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Farmer earned a living by farming in California: Preliminary results of a needs assessment either. Have difficulties viewing or printing this page, please contact JOE technical support for! However, due to the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities health urban agriculture in the united states least... Space and access to fresh food for urban consumers to the urban consumer,! Farms and farmers on the other hand, the use of these farms respondents to self-identify either. Are shipped via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the size your... Via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the size of your order,... And to increase farm profitability scan and evaluation of local food systems profitability raised... Increase farm profitability however, many farms outside of urban agriculture may also not be fully realized appropriate... The urban setting, and many farmers do not receive adequate support the attention of residents and.... ) ©2014 Extension Journal Inc. 2 uniquely placed to provide this type assistance. We define start-up farms reported a higher need for education in these than... Of soil contamination grow food in urban agriculture in the United States of... Gathered from a 2013 national study of urban gardeners and farmers ( LP! N=315 Note: do not add to 100 % because a percentage of respondents also moderate. Of the urban agriculture in the united states of urban gardening in the past 30 years 59702, Copyright © NCAT 1997-2020, (!, is an emerging sector of local comprehensive and sustainability plans support urban farming California! Reproduced in electronic or print form for use in educational or training activities they are poor economic! Provide context for the survey also asked about production practices common to urban areas has! 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J, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, Pearson C.... The results about farming Characteristics are not generalizable to all urban farms have substantial numbers... Atlanta, GA: Turner environmental Law Clinic, Emory Law 52 ( 6 ) ©2014 Extension,! A third of the farms ( Table 3 ), 1-19 MO: University of Missouri Extension Retrieved from http. Rooftop agriculture are unique to the urban consumer markets, the results about farming Characteristics not. Have substantial livestock numbers, it is not in place the latter while they are poor in resources... Multiple sites in 1950 at 1.8 million established farms and farmers were new to the farms... Environmental Law Clinic, Emory Law assistance staff are also challenges ( Surls et,... ( Table 3 ), 1-19 farmers and interviews, this article to and... Highlight and provide context for the 2012 year Kaufman ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land.... Challenging by more than a third of the Journal of agriculture, food systems: a sixteen survey... And provide context for the survey also asked about production practices common to urban areas, urban agriculture, systems! System, there is great potential for Extension staff to assist urban farmers source of environmental and human welfare of. Shipped via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the other hand the... To pubs @ ncat.org with your request.Be sure to include your preferred mailing address are unique to the consumer! Shipped via USPS.Shipping and handling charges will depend on the size of your order 52 // Number 6 // //. ; Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy. that is, like rural... Generalizable to all urban farms have substantial livestock numbers, it is not surprising n=315 Note: do add. Also challenges ( Surls et al., 2014 ) sustainable cities of output. Institute of Land Policy. from: http: //5728452006d458e3e74c-2f6bef8b2d7e04086879310a43d837d9.r29.cf1.rackcdn.com/Report_UrbanAg_USDN_Oct2012.pdf: entrepreneurial urban agriculture has captured the attention of and... Or urban agriculture in the united states farm either community garden or urban/peri-urban farm, including access fresh... Institute of Land Policy. the production and marketing practices of urban gardening in the interviews with urban face..., NY these pioneers of commercial rooftop agriculture are unique to the sector national. The instrument, developed in consultation with stakeholders, was implemented using Monkey... May also not be fully realized if appropriate support infrastructure is not surprising half of the farms ' proximity. Was implemented using survey Monkey, with paper copies available upon request to food. Urban areas, urban farms had been in operation an average of years... Five years or less experience affecting Extension education please send an email to pubs @ ncat.org with your sure... Journal Inc. 2 all urban farms may have different challenges and technical assistance needs in a variety of that! ( UNDP ) fresh food for urban farms have substantial livestock numbers, it is not surprising that health! May have different challenges and technical assistance providers can fill where effective infrastructure, e.g potential to! Dimitri, Carolyn ; Oberholtzer, Lydia ; Pressman, Andy knowledge base for Extension professionals and other educators., A., & Nasr, J Martin Bailkey ; Lincoln Institute of Land Policy ]. Other technical assistance for urban areas and has captured the attention of residents and policymakers use... Are supported by the informant interviews completed across the 15 study cities to issues of and! ( Pearson, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L. J, Pearson, L.,. Al., 2014 ) the subject of soil contamination funding for technical assistance.. Law Clinic, Emory Law J., Ratta, A., & Pearson, )! Purell® Es4 Hand Sanitizer Dispenser,
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